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Database & SQL Interview Questions - Advanced Level (125 Questions)
Instructor: Richa Sinha
Language: English
Validity Period: 365 days
₹1599 62% OFF
₹599
Sharpen your skills and ace your next technical interview with this expertly curated collection of Advanced-Level Database & SQL Interview Questions. Whether you're a seasoned backend developer, data engineer, database administrator, or preparing for high-level technical interviews, this guide is designed to challenge your knowledge and deepen your expertise in relational databases.
What’s Inside:
125 real-world, advanced SQL questions — covering everything from window functions and recursive CTEs to indexing strategies and query optimization.
Comprehensive coverage of core areas:
- Advanced SQL querying
- Indexing & performance tuning
- Data modeling & normalization
- Transactions & concurrency control
- Stored procedures, triggers & views
- JSON/XML & unstructured data handling
- Security, auditing, and access control
- OLAP/data warehousing concepts
- Distributed systems and scalability
Platform-agnostic: Relevant for PostgreSQL, MySQL, SQL Server, Oracle, and other RDBMS platforms.
Ideal for system design rounds, performance troubleshooting scenarios, and architect-level discussions.
Who This Is For:
- Senior developers & software engineers
- Data engineers & DBAs
- Interview candidates for FAANG, fintech, SaaS, and data-heavy companies
- Students and professionals preparing for competitive coding or system design interviews
Why Choose This Resource?
This isn't just another beginner’s SQL set. These hand-picked, advanced questions are designed to test deep understanding, cover edge cases, and simulate real-world challenges that senior engineers face daily.
| Introduction | |||
| About the Course | |||
| Advanced SQL Querying | |||
| Explain the difference between RANK(), DENSE_RANK() and ROW_NUMBER(). | |||
| How does a CROSS APPLY differ from an INNER JOIN? | |||
| Write a query to find the second highest salary per department. | |||
| How would you pivot data using PIVOT and UNPIVOT? | |||
| Explain recursive CTEs with an example. | |||
| What is a window function? Provide examples. | |||
| How do you calculate a running total using SQL? | |||
| What’s the difference between WHERE and HAVING? | |||
| Write a query to detect duplicate rows based on specific columns. | |||
| What are correlated subqueries? Provide an example. | |||
| Write a query to transpose rows into columns. | |||
| What is the WITH TIES clause in SQL? | |||
| How would you paginate results in SQL Server? PostgreSQL? | |||
| Write a query to get the Nth highest salary. | |||
| How do EXISTS and IN differ in performance? | |||
| Can you delete from a CTE? Give an example. | |||
| What are lateral joins and where are they used? | |||
| Explain the MERGE statement and give use cases. | |||
| How do you handle gaps in date ranges in SQL? | |||
| Write a query to calculate a moving average. | |||
| Performance Tuning & Optimization | |||
| What is a query execution plan and how do you interpret it? | |||
| How do indexes affect query performance? | |||
| When should you use a covering index? | |||
| How do you detect and resolve table scans? | |||
| What are clustered and non-clustered indexes? | |||
| What is index fragmentation? How do you fix it? | |||
| How do statistics affect query optimization? | |||
| What is parameter sniffing and how do you mitigate it? | |||
| How do materialized views affect performance? | |||
| How can you avoid or minimize locking and blocking? | |||
| Database Design & Normalization | |||
| Explain 1NF, 2NF, 3NF, BCNF with examples. | |||
| What is denormalization? When is it appropriate? | |||
| What are surrogate keys vs natural keys? | |||
| How do you design a many-to-many relationship in SQL? | |||
| What are the pros and cons of composite primary keys? | |||
| What is an entity-attribute-value (EAV) model? | |||
| How would you design a schema for versioned data? | |||
| What are the implications of NULLs in normalization? | |||
| How do you ensure data integrity across distributed databases? | |||
| What are the considerations for multi-tenant database design? | |||
| Transactions & Concurrency | |||
| What are ACID properties? | |||
| What is the difference between READ COMMITTED and REPEATABLE READ? | |||
| What is optimistic vs pessimistic locking? | |||
| Explain deadlocks and how to prevent them. | |||
| What is transaction isolation level? List the types. | |||
| What are phantom reads and how do you avoid them? | |||
| What are savepoints in transactions? | |||
| How does SQL Server handle concurrency vs PostgreSQL? | |||
| How do you handle retry logic in database operations? | |||
| Can a trigger cause a deadlock? How? | |||
| Stored Procedures, Triggers, and Views | |||
| What are the advantages and disadvantages of stored procedures? | |||
| How do you debug a stored procedure? | |||
| What’s the difference between AFTER and INSTEAD OF triggers? | |||
| Can a view be updated? When and how? | |||
| What are indexed views and when should they be used? | |||
| How do you prevent SQL injection in stored procedures? | |||
| What are recursive stored procedures? | |||
| What are the security implications of triggers? | |||
| When should you use scalar vs table-valued functions? | |||
| How does deferred name resolution work in stored procs? | |||
| Security and Access Control | |||
| What is SQL injection and how do you prevent it? | |||
| How do role-based permissions work in SQL Server / PostgreSQL? | |||
| What is the GRANT and REVOKE mechanism? | |||
| What are database roles and schemas? | |||
| How would you implement row-level security? | |||
| What is encryption at rest vs in transit in databases? | |||
| How does column-level encryption work? | |||
| How do you audit database access and changes? | |||
| What are proxy users in Oracle? | |||
| How can you manage secrets (e.g., DB passwords) securely? | |||
| Advanced Data Types and JSON/XML | |||
| How do you store and query JSON data in PostgreSQL? | |||
| What is the difference between JSON and JSONB? | |||
| How do you index JSON fields? | |||
| How do you query hierarchical data using XML/JSON? | |||
| How can you validate JSON schema in SQL? | |||
| How do you extract elements from XML fields? | |||
| What are arrays in PostgreSQL and how do you use them? | |||
| How do you normalize JSON data into relational format? | |||
| When would you use a document store within a relational DB? | |||
| How do you perform full-text search on JSON fields? | |||
| Data Warehousing and OLAP | |||
| What is the difference between OLAP and OLTP? | |||
| What is a star schema? What is a snowflake schema? | |||
| How do you handle slowly changing dimensions? | |||
| What are fact and dimension tables? | |||
| What are cube functions in SQL Server? | |||
| How do you use GROUPING SETS, ROLLUP, and CUBE? | |||
| What are materialized views and their use in analytics? | |||
| How do you optimize ETL pipelines using SQL? | |||
| What is partitioning and how does it improve performance? | |||
| Explain the concept of time-series modeling in SQL. | |||
| Conceptual | |||
| What is sharding and how does it impact SQL queries? | |||
| What is CAP theorem and how does SQL database fit into it? | |||
| How do SQL and NoSQL differ fundamentally? | |||
| What is eventual consistency and where does SQL support it? | |||
| How do you enforce uniqueness in complex business rules? | |||
| What is a temp table vs table variable? | |||
| How does SQL handle timezone-aware data? | |||
| What are system-versioned temporal tables? | |||
| How do you perform cross-database queries securely? | |||
| Describe a real-world problem you solved using complex SQL. | |||
| How would you detect and repair database corruption? | |||
| How do you handle schema changes in a production environment? | |||
| What is the difference between horizontal and vertical partitioning? | |||
| What are common causes of slow queries in large-scale systems? | |||
| How would you log changes to sensitive tables securely? | |||
| How do you implement soft deletes vs hard deletes? | |||
| What are the trade-offs of using UUIDs as primary keys? | |||
| How can you enforce foreign key constraints across schemas? | |||
| What are upserts and how are they implemented in PostgreSQL and MySQL? | |||
| How does the RETURNING clause in PostgreSQL improve performance? | |||
| How do you identify and fix non-SARGable queries? | |||
| What is a fill factor in SQL Server and when should you adjust it? | |||
| How do you batch insert data efficiently in SQL? | |||
| How do you optimize queries with large IN clauses? | |||
| How would you design a logging table for high-write throughput? | |||
| What are parallel queries and when are they beneficial? | |||
| What is the difference between logical and physical data models? | |||
| How can you track changes over time in a table without using triggers? | |||
| How does PostgreSQL's GIN index differ from a BTREE index? | |||
| What are the differences between NOWAIT, SKIP LOCKED, and regular locking? | |||
| How do you migrate large datasets with minimal downtime? | |||
| How would you identify and clean up orphaned records? | |||
| What is a bloom filter index and where is it useful? | |||
| How do you implement multi-language (i18n) support in a database schema? | |||
| What is the role of Write-Ahead Logging (WAL) in databases? | |||
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